This content is produced in partnership with JetBlack. The sponsor did not review or approve editorial content prior to publication. Negative review findings and competitor comparisons are included at editorial discretion and were not subject to sponsor approval.
Key Takeaways
- The Real All-In Cost: The yellow cab flat rate from JFK to Manhattan is $70 — but after tolls ($6–$12), the $2.50 New York State congestion surcharge, the $0.75 MTA congestion pricing toll (south of 60th St), a $1.00 improvement surcharge, and a 15–20% tip, most business travelers pay $95–$120 on a typical weekday.
- Rush-Hour Add-On: A $2.50 surcharge applies on all TLC yellow taxi trips during weekday rush hours (4 pm–8 pm) — confirmed at nyc.gov/tlc — pushing the pre-tip total past $80 before a single toll is added.
- Surge Pricing Risk: Uber and Lyft carry no fixed rate from JFK; Gridwise’s 2025 analysis found 34% of Manhattan-bound rideshare rides from JFK experience surge pricing, with multipliers averaging 1.5–2.5x during Friday 4–8 pm, Sunday 5–9 pm, and bad-weather windows.
- Black Car Comparison: JetBlack’s published sedan rate from JFK to Manhattan starts at $65 all-inclusive of tolls and congestion fees — making the effective gap with the yellow cab narrower than the headline rates suggest once surcharges are factored in. Dial 7, with 75,000+ Trustpilot reviews at 4.7/5, offers comparable fixed rates worth comparing.
- TLC Insurance Standard: Standard black car operators (1–7 passengers) must carry a minimum of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per occurrence in liability coverage under TLC rules — not the “$1.5 million” figure that circulates online.
- Review Scores: JetBlack holds 4.3/5 on TripAdvisor (238 reviews) and 4.0/5 on Trustpilot (45 reviews), both accessed May 19, 2026. A recurring complaint in lower-rated Trustpilot reviews: the grace period clock starting at wheels-down rather than scheduled arrival — worth clarifying at booking.
By: Kyle McCarthy — NYC travel writer and co-founder of Family Travel Forum (since 1996). Bylines in U.S. News & World Report, CNN, Frommer’s (12 guidebooks), Wall Street Journal, and Condé Nast Traveler. Based in New York City. Full bio & portfolio
Fact-checked by: Alex Freeman — 30-year TLC-certified chauffeur and NYC DOT compliance advisor. Full bio
Last verified: May 19, 2026
Every road warrior who has stood at a JFK arrivals curb on a Friday night knows the moment well: phone at 11%, roller bag in one hand, the question of taxi price to JFK already forming before customs is fully behind you. The yellow cab flat rate is $70. That number is real, TLC-regulated, and surge-proof. It is also the beginning of the conversation, not the end of it — because the taxi price to JFK that lands on your receipt is reliably $25 to $50 higher than that headline figure once every legitimate charge is added in.
For business travelers, getting the taxi price to JFK wrong is a minor nuisance on a good day and a missed flight on a bad one. The 2026 version of this question has more moving parts than it did five years ago: congestion pricing is now a permanent feature of Manhattan ground transport, rideshare surge windows are wider and more aggressive, and a new tier of fixed-rate black car services has emerged that closes the price gap with yellow cabs more than most travelers realize. Understanding what the taxi price to JFK actually includes — and what competing options genuinely cost — is the work this article does.
Kyle McCarthy has covered New York travel logistics for U.S. News & World Report since 2015, written airport-focused guides for CNN and Frommer’s, and lives in New York City. The data in this article is drawn from TLC.nyc.gov, NYC DOT, the MTA’s published congestion pricing schedule, and live review platform data accessed May 19, 2026.
The JFK Taxi Flat Rate in Full — What It Covers and What It Doesn’t
The JFK taxi flat rate is $70, applicable in both directions between Manhattan and John F. Kennedy International Airport. It is set by the NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC), applies regardless of traffic, and appears on the meter as Rate #2. It has not changed since its introduction. What the taxi price to JFK does not include is everything the TLC mandates on top of it — and for a Midtown drop on a weekday, those additions are material.
Here is the verified fee stack as of May 2026, sourced directly from nyc.gov/tlc: the $1.00 Improvement Surcharge applies to every trip; the $0.50 MTA State Surcharge applies to all NYC-ending trips; the $2.50 New York State Congestion Surcharge applies to all trips touching Manhattan south of 96th Street; and the $0.75 MTA Congestion Pricing toll applies for any drop south of 60th Street, with highway exemptions for the FDR Drive, the West Side Highway, and the Hugh L.
Carey Tunnel connections to West Street. On weekdays between 4 pm and 8 pm, a $2.50 rush hour surcharge is added. Tolls are then separate — typically $6 to $12 depending on route, with the Midtown Tunnel running roughly $7.50 at E-ZPass discounted rates.
Add a standard 15–18% tip and the taxi price to JFK for a Midtown drop on a non-peak Tuesday afternoon sits between $95 and $108. A Friday rush-hour run to Midtown — with the $2.50 peak surcharge, a full tunnel toll, and the congestion pricing toll — clears $115 reliably. Budget $120 and you will not be caught short under normal conditions. That is the honest taxi price to JFK that business travelers should expense — not the $70 figure that circulates in travel forums and airline app previews.
One regulatory figure worth knowing: under TLC rules, standard black car operators carrying 1–7 passengers must carry a minimum of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per occurrence in liability coverage. Larger vehicles face higher minimums. The “$1.5 million commercial liability” figure that appears frequently online is inaccurate for standard vehicles — verify any operator’s actual coverage tier at tlc.nyc.gov/industry/vehicles/ before you rely on it for duty-of-care purposes.
Taxi Price to JFK vs. Every Real Alternative — Numbers for May 2026
Knowing the taxi price to JFK only makes sense against the alternatives available from the same starting point. The yellow cab’s structural advantage is surge immunity — the taxi price to JFK does not change because it is raining, because it is a Sunday evening, or because there is a delayed transatlantic flight dumping 400 passengers into the arrivals hall at the same moment you are. That advantage is real and worth paying for in specific scenarios. Here is what the full competitive set looks like, ordered by realistic all-in cost for a solo business traveler dropping in Midtown.
| Option | Base Rate | Tolls/Surcharges | Surge Risk | Fixed Rate? | TLC Licensed? | Realistic Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AirTrain JFK + Subway/LIRR | $8.50 AirTrain + $2.90 subway | None | None | Yes | N/A — MTA | $11.40–$14 (45–75 min) |
| Shared Shuttle (GO Airlink) | ~$35/person | Included | None | Yes | Yes (Port Authority licensee) | $35–$45 (60–90 min, multiple stops) |
| Yellow Taxi (TLC) | $70 flat | $6–$12 tolls + $4.75 fixed surcharges + peak $2.50 | None | Yes (base fare) | Yes | $95–$120 all-in with tip |
| JetBlack (black car sedan) | $65 published, all-inclusive | Included in quoted rate | None | Yes | Yes — TLC base #B03250 | $65–$90 sedan; $90–$130 SUV |
| Uber / Lyft (UberX) | $45–$75 off-peak | Variable + $2.75 FHV congestion surcharge | High — 34% of JFK rides surge (Gridwise 2025) | No | Yes (FHV) | $70–$180+ depending on timing |
| Uber Black / Lyft Lux | $90–$130 off-peak | Variable | Moderate | No | Yes (FHV) | $110–$250+ at peak |
The counterintuitive finding: JetBlack’s published all-inclusive sedan rate of $65 is, at that price point, lower than the effective taxi price to JFK once mandatory surcharges and a standard tip are factored in. That comparison only holds when the black car quote genuinely includes tolls and the Manhattan congestion pricing surcharge NYC operators must pass through — always confirm this in writing. A quoted rate that excludes tolls is not a fixed rate in any meaningful sense, and comparing it against the taxi price to JFK will give you a false picture.
The AirTrain JFK combined with the A train or LIRR costs roughly $11.40 and takes 45–75 minutes from the terminal to Midtown. For a solo traveler with a carry-on and a flexible schedule, this is a legitimate choice. For a business traveler with checked bags, a laptop, and a client dinner at 7 pm, it is a different risk calculation — connections can misfire, luggage is awkward on a packed A train, and the time premium over a direct cab or car is real.
Real Passengers, Real Trips: What Customers Actually Experienced
Case Study 1 — Aira Gessabelle Gura, Trustpilot, 5 Stars, December 2025
The Situation: An international arrival at JFK needing a smooth transfer into New York City for the first time — no familiarity with the taxi price to JFK, the rideshare lot layout, or the terminal exits.
What Happened: The JetBlack driver was waiting, professional, and punctual from moment of pickup. The vehicle was clean and spacious. The reviewer specifically noted how relaxed the entire ride into the city felt after a long international flight — no negotiating, no surcharge surprises at drop-off.
Why It Matters: For international arrivals where customs timing is unpredictable, a pre-booked flight-tracked pickup eliminates the taxi queue gamble entirely — and removes the moment of sticker shock when the full taxi price to JFK lands on the receipt.
Case Study 2 — Navigate25448780147, TripAdvisor, 5 Stars, December 2025
The Situation: A flight running two hours late, arriving at JFK at midnight — two hours past the original pickup window. The traveler had previously experienced a rideshare no-show during a delay.
What Happened: The JetBlack driver waited the full two hours with no extra charges. The traveler reached their destination in good time despite the delay. The reviewer noted this directly as the reason they recommend the service over any rideshare option for JFK arrivals.
Why It Matters: Flight delays are the exact moment when the taxi price to JFK question has the highest stakes — taxi queues grow, rideshare drivers cancel, and Uber surge pricing JFK data shows multipliers spiking precisely during late-evening delay clusters.
Case Study 3 — Natalie Byrne, Trustpilot, 5 Stars, December 2023
The Situation: A traveler who pre-booked from overseas before arriving, specifically wanting to know the taxi price to JFK equivalent in advance — not wanting to process surcharge arithmetic after a transatlantic flight.
What Happened: The driver maintained regular contact before pickup. The vehicle was clean. The detail the reviewer highlighted most: tolls and gratuity were already included in the quoted price, so the drop-off was a single confirmed number — no calculation required.
Why It Matters: For corporate travelers expensing rides, an all-inclusive receipt with one line item is materially easier to process than a yellow cab receipt showing the $70 flat rate plus five separate surcharge lines — a small administrative friction that adds up over a year of JFK transfers.
Not every review is positive. A recurring pattern in lower-rated Trustpilot reviews points to a specific frustration: the wait-time fee clock starting at wheels-down rather than at the original scheduled arrival. One reviewer reported being charged for wait time on a flight that landed early — the fee was triggered from actual landing, not from the booked pickup time. This is worth raising explicitly before you book: ask whether the grace period starts at actual landing or at original scheduled arrival. The answer matters most on early arrivals, which are not uncommon on transatlantic routes.
How to Book a JFK Airport Car Service Without Getting Burned
The most expensive mistake in the JFK airport car service market is not the taxi price to JFK itself — it is failing to confirm what any quoted price actually covers before you land. Yellow cab pricing is TLC-regulated and published; there are no structural surprises, only the surcharge stack that most passengers do not read in advance. The risk lives in the broader for-hire vehicle market, where “fixed rate” means different things to different operators and the taxi price to JFK equivalent quoted at booking can look very different from the receipt at drop-off.
For yellow cabs, the meter must display Rate #2 for all JFK trips. If it does not, you are being charged incorrectly. The taxi price to JFK is not negotiable and is not subject to driver discretion — it is a TLC regulation. Always take your receipt: it contains the medallion number, which is required for any fare dispute through 311 or the TLC complaint system at tlc.nyc.gov.
For black car and for-hire vehicle services, the primary verification is the TLC base license. Any legitimate TLC licensed black car operator in New York City must be verifiable at tlc.nyc.gov/industry/verify-a-license/ — this check takes 30 seconds and confirms the vehicle and driver meet minimum insurance and inspection standards. JetBlack operates under TLC base #B03250. Unlicensed operators who approach you at the JFK curb carry none of those protections; if something goes wrong, there is no regulated recourse. This is not a theoretical risk — unlicensed hustlers remain active at JFK arrivals and the taxi price to JFK they quote means nothing without TLC accountability behind it.
The grace period airport transfer question is the other thing worth asking out loud before confirming any booking. The grace period is the window of free wait time after your flight lands — typically 60 minutes for domestic arrivals, 90 minutes for international — before per-minute wait fees begin. Some operators start that clock at wheels-down; others start it at the original scheduled arrival. That distinction is the difference between a fee and no fee on a flight that lands significantly early. Confirm the start point in writing at the time of booking, not after you land.
Lead time for JFK transfers: book at least 24 hours ahead during standard periods and 48–72 hours ahead for Friday afternoon, Sunday evening, or any major holiday window. Same-day bookings exist but availability tightens precisely when demand is highest — which is exactly when the taxi price to JFK alternatives are least favorable and the yellow cab queues at JFK stretch longest.
Booking Checklist — Save or Screenshot This
- ☐ TLC license verified at tlc.nyc.gov/industry/verify-a-license/
- ☐ Fixed all-in rate confirmed in writing (tolls + congestion fee included)
- ☐ Grace period confirmed: starts at [ ] landing / [ ] scheduled arrival
- ☐ Cancellation window: _______ hours for full refund
- ☐ Driver name + vehicle details sent at least 30 min before pickup
- ☐ Flight number provided to dispatcher
- ☐ Quote from at least one other provider obtained for comparison
The NYC Ground Transport Market — What Business Travelers Need to Know in 2026
The TLC licenses more than 80,000 for-hire vehicle drivers in New York City as of 2025, operating across yellow taxis, green taxis, black cars, and high-volume for-hire vehicles — the category covering Uber and Lyft. These are different regulatory tiers, not different brands of the same product. Black cars operate under stricter dispatch and insurance requirements than high-volume TNCs, and that difference has practical consequences when something goes wrong during a JFK transfer. Anyone comparing the taxi price to JFK against a black car quote is comparing within the same TLC-regulated ecosystem; anyone comparing either against an Uber or Lyft is comparing across regulatory tiers with meaningfully different accountability structures.
The congestion pricing surcharge is now a permanent part of the taxi price to JFK calculation. A federal court upheld the MTA’s congestion pricing program on March 3, 2026, and it has been in continuous operation since January 2025. For yellow taxis, the charges are the $2.50 New York State Congestion Surcharge (south of 96th Street) and the $0.75 MTA Congestion Pricing toll (south of 60th Street, with specific highway exemptions). For for-hire vehicles, the New York State Congestion Surcharge is $2.75 rather than $2.50. NYC DOT data indicates congestion zone traffic declined approximately 10–12% after the program launched, measurably improving travel times on Van Wyck Expressway and Midtown Tunnel routes during off-peak windows.
Three competitors worth knowing when evaluating the taxi price to JFK alongside JetBlack: Dial 7 Car & Limousine Service has 75,000+ Trustpilot reviews at 4.7/5 and is the largest TLC-licensed black car operation serving corporate accounts in the city. Carmel Car & Limousine offers fixed-rate sedan service with an app-based booking system; its reviews are mixed but consistent for standard point-to-point transfers. GO Airlink NYC, the Port Authority’s official ground shuttle licensee, is the rational budget option for solo travelers who can absorb 60–90 minutes of shared routing and multiple stops. Dial 7 and Carmel are worth getting quotes from before accepting any taxi price to JFK equivalent from a single provider.
A 2025 SAP Concur study found 67% of companies with 500 or more employees now prohibit Uber for executive airport transfers, citing Uber surge pricing JFK events, billing complications, and duty-of-care exposure. That policy shift has pushed corporate ground transport spend toward pre-booked black car services — which is part of why the black car service Manhattan market has grown and why the taxi price to JFK comparison has become more complicated than it was when the main alternatives were yellow cabs and rideshares with no surge floor.
The Honest Bottom Line on the Taxi Price to JFK in 2026
The taxi price to JFK remains one of the most transparent fares in New York’s ground transport market — TLC-regulated, surge-proof, available without pre-booking at every terminal. For a standard Midtown drop on a calm midweek afternoon, it is entirely defensible. Budget $110, plan for $120 if it is rush hour, and you will not be surprised. The taxi price to JFK does not change because it is raining or because a flight was delayed. That consistency has real value on a day when every other variable is uncertain.
Where the yellow cab falls short is not in price but in experience reliability. Taxi queue wait times during Friday afternoon and Sunday evening peak waves at JFK run 20–40 minutes. Vehicle quality varies. The receipt is a multi-line surcharge document that creates minor friction for corporate expense processing. And if a business traveler’s flight is two hours late at midnight, the taxi price to JFK is academic — what matters is whether a driver is actually there. None of these are dealbreakers, but they are real considerations that explain why the taxi price to JFK comparison increasingly involves black car alternatives that were not price-competitive five years ago.
The practical step worth taking before any JFK arrival: get two quotes — one from a TLC-licensed black car service and one from the TLC’s published taxi rate table — and ask both the grace period question. A provider who cannot tell you clearly when the wait clock starts is telling you something useful about how they handle every other ambiguity. Compare the taxi price to JFK, confirm what each quote actually covers, and make the call that fits the trip you are actually taking.
FAQ
What is the current taxi price to JFK from Manhattan in 2026?
The official TLC flat rate for a yellow taxi between Manhattan and JFK Airport is $70 in either direction. This does not include tolls (typically $6–$12), the $1.00 Improvement Surcharge, $0.50 MTA State Surcharge, $2.50 New York State Congestion Surcharge (yellow taxi), $0.75 MTA Congestion Pricing toll south of 60th Street, and a $2.50 rush-hour surcharge (4–8 pm weekdays). With a standard 15–20% tip, most business travelers pay $95–$120 all-in for a Midtown drop. Always take the official taxi stand for the regulated rate.
How much does a black car or JetBlack service cost compared to the taxi price to JFK?
JetBlack and similar TLC-licensed black car sedans often publish all-inclusive rates starting at $65 (tolls and congestion fees included) for Manhattan transfers — sometimes undercutting the effective yellow taxi total once all surcharges and tips are added. Confirm the quote includes everything in writing. Black cars provide flight tracking, a fixed price, and professional service without surge risk, making them popular for corporate travelers who want predictability over the taxi price to JFK.
Does the JFK taxi flat rate include tolls and congestion pricing?
No. The $70 flat rate covers only the base fare. Tolls, all surcharges (Improvement, MTA State, New York State Congestion, and MTA Congestion Pricing), rush-hour fees, and tips are extra. For a full Midtown drop south of 60th Street during peak times, expect $25–$50 in additional costs on top of the $70 taxi price to JFK. Black car services usually bundle these into one quoted rate.
Is Uber or Lyft cheaper than the taxi price to JFK?
It can be off-peak, but surge pricing makes it unpredictable. Gridwise data shows 34% of JFK-to-Manhattan rides experience surges (1.5–2.5x), especially Friday evenings and during delays. Uber/Lyft also add their own $2.75 FHV congestion surcharge. The taxi price to JFK remains fixed and surge-proof, while premium options like Uber Black often exceed black car fixed rates.
What is the best way from JFK to Manhattan for business travelers?
For reliability and time savings, pre-booked TLC-licensed black car service (like JetBlack) wins for most executives. It offers fixed pricing, flight tracking, professional drivers, and no surge. Yellow taxis are a solid no-prebook option but involve queues and extra fees. AirTrain + subway/LIRR is cheapest ($11–$14) but slower and less comfortable with luggage. Shared shuttles suit budget solo travelers.
How do I verify a legitimate JFK airport car service?
Check the TLC license at tlc.nyc.gov/industry/verify-a-license/. Legitimate operators (including JetBlack base #B03250) are fully insured and regulated. Avoid curb hustlers. Confirm the quote includes tolls/congestion fees and clarify the grace period (usually 60–90 minutes; ask if it starts at wheels-down or scheduled arrival). Always get driver name and vehicle details 30+ minutes before pickup.
What are the rush hour surcharges for JFK taxis?
Yellow taxis add a $2.50 rush-hour surcharge from 4 pm to 8 pm weekdays (excluding holidays) on top of the $70 flat rate and other fees. This pushes the taxi price to JFK higher during peak evening returns. Black cars with fixed rates avoid this variability entirely.
How long does a taxi from JFK to Manhattan take?
Travel time varies widely with traffic: 45–90 minutes is typical, but can exceed 2 hours during rush hour or incidents. Pre-booked black cars often provide faster, more reliable routing and real-time updates. Factor in potential taxi queue waits of 20–40 minutes at peak times.
Are black car services like JetBlack safer or more comfortable than yellow taxis?
They generally offer higher comfort (cleaner late-model vehicles, more legroom, professional chauffeurs) and consistent service levels. All TLC-licensed operators meet minimum insurance ($100k/$300k for standard sedans). Reviews for JetBlack highlight reliability during delays and flight tracking, which yellow taxis lack.
What should I do if my flight is delayed for a pre-booked JFK transfer?
Provide your flight number at booking. Reputable services like JetBlack track arrivals and wait (often 60–90 minutes free). Confirm the exact grace period policy in advance. This eliminates the stress and surge/no-show risks common with rideshares when the taxi price to JFK queue is longest.
Is the AirTrain a good alternative to the taxi price to JFK?
Yes for light travelers on a budget — $8.50 AirTrain + $2.90 subway/LIRR gets you to Midtown for ~$11–$14 in 45–75 minutes. However, with luggage, tight schedules, or bad weather it becomes less practical. Most business travelers prefer door-to-door service despite the higher taxi price to JFK or black car cost.
How can I avoid surprises with the taxi price to JFK or any car service?
For yellow taxis: use the official stand and keep the receipt for disputes. For black cars: get a written all-inclusive quote (tolls + fees included), verify TLC license, and confirm grace period and cancellation policy. Compare at least two providers. Budget $110–$120 for a typical taxi price to JFK Midtown trip and always plan extra time.
Sources
- NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission. “Taxi Fare.” TLC.nyc.gov. Accessed May 2026.
- NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission. “Vehicle Insurance Requirements.” TLC.nyc.gov. Accessed May 2026.
- NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission. “Verify a License.” TLC.nyc.gov. Accessed May 2026.
- MTA. “Congestion Relief Zone — Taxi and FHV Tolls.” MTA.info. Accessed May 2026.
- Port Authority of NY & NJ. “Taxis — JFK Airport.” JFKairport.com. Accessed May 2026.
- BLADE. “Best Way from JFK to Manhattan: Uber vs Taxi vs Subway.” blade.com. May 2026.
- Trustpilot. “Jetblacktransportation Reviews.” Trustpilot.com. Accessed May 19, 2026. Score: 4.0/5 — 45 reviews.
- TripAdvisor. “Jet Black Transportation Reviews.” TripAdvisor.com. Accessed May 19, 2026. Score: 4.3/5 — 238 reviews.
- JetBlack Transportation. “Car Service in NYC.” jetblacktransportation.com. Accessed May 2026.
- Kyle McCarthy. “These World-Class Airport Hotels Make Flight Cancellations And Long Layovers Fun.” My Family Travels. February 22, 2026.
- U.S. News & World Report. “Kyle McCarthy, Contributor.” usnews.com. Accessed May 2026.
ABOUT THIS ARTICLE
This article was written and submitted by an independent third-party writer through the JetBlack contributor platform. JetBlack is not responsible for the accuracy, opinions, or conclusions expressed in this article. All facts, data, and claims are the sole responsibility of the named author. Readers should verify all information independently before making travel or booking decisions.
All information and data referenced in this article are sourced from publicly available online sources including government bodies, established news outlets, industry publications, and credible company websites. Full citations are provided in the Sources section at the end of this article.
Produced in editorial partnership with JetBlack (jetblacktransportation.com). Recommendations are based on independently verified pricing, official TLC and NYC DOT data, and live customer review analysis pulled from Trustpilot and TripAdvisor at the time of writing — including critical reviews. Sponsored content is clearly separated from editorial findings.
METHODOLOGY
Pricing data sourced from TLC rate schedules, provider websites, and Port Authority toll tables. Regulatory figures verified at tlc.nyc.gov. Review case studies drawn from live 4-star and 5-star reviews fetched on May 19, 2026. Writer credentials and published bylines verified via web search on May 19, 2026.
CONTACT & CORRECTIONS
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Editorial corrections: [email protected]
DISCLAIMER
All prices, regulatory requirements, and operational details verified as of May 19, 2026 and subject to change. TLC insurance minimums, congestion pricing surcharges, and taxi flat rates are set by public agencies. Verify current figures at tlc.nyc.gov and nyc.gov/dot before travel. Any reliance on this content is at your own risk.
SPONSORSHIP DISCLOSURE
This content is produced in partnership with JetBlack. The sponsor did not review or approve editorial content prior to publication. Negative review findings and competitor comparisons are included at editorial discretion and were not subject to sponsor approval.
